Current Date: 29 May, 2026
{{entry.title}}

Medieval Medicine: A 1,000-year-old onion and garlic salve kills modern bacterial superbugs

Scientists recreated an Anglo-Saxon manuscript-based 9th century onion and garlic eye remedy and discovered that it killed 90% of antibiotic-resistant staph bacteria (MRSA).

Researchers have successfully used a ninth-century Anglo-Saxon remedy for eye infections to kill tenacious bacteria cultures, much to their surprise and delight. The traditional treatment of wine, bile, onion, and garlic may be effective against today’s antibiotic-resistant superbugs like MRSA.

Bald’s Leechbook, also known as Medicinale Anglicum, is a medical text written in Old English that is thought to be one of the earliest books of medical advice. Scientists from the University of Nottingham’s Center for Biomolecular Sciences in the UK and Anglo-Saxon expert Dr. Christina Lee collaborated to create the 1,000-year-old cure found in this text.

Medieval Medicine 1000 year old onion and garlic 1
Middle-English leech-book, containing medical receipts, including some charms; a Latin-English Glossary of herbs; short tracts on urines, the cure of wounds, uses of herbs, etc. Wikimedia Commons

Garlic, onion (or leek), wine, and cow bile are listed as ingredients in a medieval recipe for salve used to treat eye infections, according to BBC News. The ingredients alone had little impact, but when combined, they were able to kill 90% of the methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteria cultures, which astounded the scientists.

MRSA, which has been dubbed a “superbug” because it has developed a natural resistance to modern antibiotics, is a serious public health concern. It is also a challenging infection to treat.

According to a press release from the university, Dr. Freya Harrison, a microbiologist, “We thought that Bald’s eye salve might show a small amount of antibiotic activity, because each of the ingredients has been shown by other researchers to have some effect on bacteria in the lab—copper and bile salts can kill bacteria, and the garlic family of plants make chemicals that prevent the bacteria from damaging infected tissues. The ancient remedy reportedly outperformed contemporary conventional antibiotics against the bacteria, but we were absolutely astounded by how potent the combination of ingredients was.

The effectiveness of the treatment has also shown the researchers that Anglo-Saxon physicians may have used experimentation and observation, components of the contemporary scientific method, to develop their treatment.

Medieval Medicine 1000 year old onion and garlic 2
Top: Physicians offer draughts of agrimony to two warriors to cure sword wounds. Lower portion: Physicians offer a draught of Cyclamine against serpent bite. The herb which forms the ingredient of the draught is at the side of the picture; in it the English scribe has written Arnote i.e. “Earth-nut”. This name was applied by the Anglo-Saxons to a variety of bulbous plants. [This file comes from Wellcome Images , a website operated by Wellcome Trust, a global charitable foundation based in the United Kingdom.]

As supporters of traditional medicines might note, “it wouldn’t be the first modern drug to be derived from ancient manuscripts – the widely used antimalarial drug artemisinin was discovered by scouring historical Chinese medical texts,” according to NewScientist.

Although early medieval medicine took many forms, an early scientific method was also being used at the time. According to a piece on The Conversation, Europe experienced a “medical revolution” in the 11th century. Over 500 years old medical texts were being studied at the time. These writings have been recorded and taught. This ancient recipe was derived from such a text, making it much older than the Medicinale Anglicum from which it was taken.

After the successful salve study, the group identifying itself as AncientBiotics set out to compile a database of medieval medical formulas.

Similar Stories
Will & William Wests: The puzzling situation of two inmates who are identical but not related

Will & William Wests: The puzzling situation of two inmates who are identical but not related

These are the mugshots of Will West and William West, and they are not related. They were both sent to Leavenworth Prison at the same time, in 1903, and after some confusion, the staff understood they had two different prisoners with the nearly same name, who looked exactly alike. They are part of the reason fingerprints are now used as identification.

8 Interesting Facts About The Unsinkable Ship, TITANIC

8 Interesting Facts About The Unsinkable Ship, TITANIC

If you ask your friends what's the most famous ship in history the answer in most cases will be the same, of course the legendary Titanic. Its history is full of mysteries, at first it was a source of hope and national pride as well as proof of the triumphs of mankind but it soon became a source of nostalgia and pain, the extent of which cannot be described in words.

How Sleep Deprivation Was Once Used as Torture

How Sleep Deprivation Was Once Used as Torture

Sleep deprivation, long before modern interrogation techniques, was considered a “clean” and effective form of torture—leaving no physical scars, yet breaking minds with haunting silence. Victims endured days and nights without rest, leading to vivid hallucinations, disorientation, and psychological torment. This article traces the dark history of sleep deprivation as a weapon, examines the science behind its effects on the brain, and shines a light on the painful balance between human endurance and cruelty in the annals of coercion.

Ancient Egyptians Had Pregnancy Tests Over 3500 Years Ago

Ancient Egyptians Had Pregnancy Tests Over 3500 Years Ago

The ancient Egyptians used a pregnancy test that involved potentially pregnant women peeing on barley and wheat seeds. Plant growth indicated pregnancy: barley for a boy and wheat for a girl. Later tests revealed that pregnant women's urine causes plant growth 70% of the time, whereas non-pregnant women's urine does not.

How 18th Century Women’s Rights Movements Shaped Modern Equality

How 18th Century Women’s Rights Movements Shaped Modern Equality

The 18th century marked a turning point in the quest for women’s rights, as passionate voices challenged centuries of gender inequality and laid the groundwork for modern feminism. From pioneers like Mary Wollstonecraft to revolutionary declarations and early advocacy, this era sparked debates on education, political participation, and social justice that continue to resonate today. Journey through the origins of women’s rights movements and discover how their bold ideas shaped the fight for equality.

Medals of Friendship: The Enduring Olympic Story of 1936

Medals of Friendship: The Enduring Olympic Story of 1936

At the 1936 Summer Olympics, two Japanese pole vaulters named Sueo Oe and Shuhei Nishida tied for second, but they declined to compete against each other. As a result, Nishida was awarded the silver medal and Oe won a bronze medal. Upon returning to Japan, the athletes had their medals cut in half and spliced together to create new "friendship medals," which were half silver and half bronze.

The Forgotten Story of Semipalatinsk and the Soviet Nuclear Experiments

The Forgotten Story of Semipalatinsk and the Soviet Nuclear Experiments

Between 1949 and 1989, the Semipalatinsk Test Site in Kazakhstan became the primary location for Soviet nuclear weapons tests, exposing millions of unsuspecting villagers to radioactive fallout. Known as the “Polygon of Suffering,” this remote desert witnessed 456 nuclear detonations that caused widespread health crises, birth defects, and generational genetic damage. This article narrates the chilling legacy of Semipalatinsk, unveiling the human cost of Cold War arms development and the ongoing struggle for healing and recognition in Kazakhstan.