Current Date: 13 May, 2026
{{entry.title}}

How European Rabbits Took over Australia

In 1859, wealthy settler Thomas Austin released 13 wild rabbits on his Australian estate. By 1920, their population grew to 10 billion.

Since the late 19th century, when European rabbits were first brought to Australia, there has been an issue with them. Currently, Australia is thought to be home to 200 million feral rabbits.

Australia’s introduction of European rabbits

In order to facilitate hunting, European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were brought into the Australian bush in 1859. Thirteen European wild rabbits were sent to Thomas Austin, an affluent settler in Victoria, Australia, and he allowed them to roam freely on his estate. It only took these invasive (i.e., non-native to the land) rabbits 50 years to spread across the entire continent from this one backyard sanctuary.

Since these conditions are fairly easy to come by, they can adapt to new habitats such as the deserts and plains of Australia as easily as the meadows of Europe.

Their population grew to such an extent that they destroyed land and crops, causing soil erosion. By overgrazing, they also had a detrimental effect on plants and agriculture. The rabbits not only destroyed Australian crops, but they also played a part in the extinction of local animal and plant species. The primary environmental law of the Australian government, the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, even identifies the many impacts of feral rabbits, like land degradation, as a “threatening process.” The remarkable adaptability of these rabbits has contributed to their dispersal throughout the Australian continent. All the rabbits require are short grasses to graze on and soil suitable for burrowing.

European rabbits are not only adaptive animals, but they also have a reputation for procreating quickly and in large numbers. They are capable of reproducing year-round and at an early age. European rabbits, also known as hares, typically have two to five kits (baby rabbits) per litter and can produce more than four litters annually.

How to Handle Invading Rabbits

To eradicate Australia’s invasive rabbits, biologists, farmers, government researchers, and others have tried. Many strategies, such as fences, poisons, and infections, have been tried by experts to control rabbit populations; some have shown to be more effective than others.

After coming to Australia a few decades ago, rabbits started to pose a serious threat to farmers. In the beginning, fences were constructed by the government and farmers to prevent the rabbits from damaging their crops. In fact, the government hired builders to erect a fence that connected the north and south of Western Australia. Fencing didn’t really stop the rabbits, though. In the case of the fence in Western Australia, it only contained rabbits that were already residing there.

In an attempt to manage the population, farmers have also been known to destroy rabbit warrens, which are underground networks of tunnels. The area where rabbits can safely breed and raise young is taken away when the warrens are destroyed. Today, farmers continue to use the warren destruction method, which is effective for controlling rabbit populations found on accessible lands.

The government started using biocontrol in the 1950s. In southeast Australia, they dispersed rabbits infected with the virus known as myxoma, which is unique to rabbits. The first virus to be intentionally released into the wild with the intention of eradicating an animal was the myxoma virus. The myxoma virus causes myxomatosis, a disease that only kills rabbits, and Australian scientist Peter Kerr said of this release, “Thus, inadvertently, began one of the great experiments in natural selection, conducted on a continental scale.” Many rabbits in Australia did die from the myxoma virus, but over time the rabbits developed an immunity to the virus, making it useless. The scientists would have to try a different approach if they were to successfully eradicate these invasive rabbits.

Another pathogen that is unique to rabbits is Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus (RHDV), which researchers first described in the 1980s. This illness, which is brought on by an RNA (ribonucleic acid) virus spread by flies, can kill rabbits within 48 hours of infection. This virus broke free from a quarantine facility in 1995 and entered the wild. In particularly dry areas, RHDV reduced rabbit populations in Australia by up to 90% after it was formally released in 1996 with the goal of controlling the population. European rabbits that reside in cooler, more rainy regions of Australia are immune to the disease because flies act as the virus’s vector. Similar to the myxoma virus, these rabbits are starting to show signs of resistance against RHDV.

You may also be interested in…

Poison proved to be another popular population-control strategy for European rabbits, in addition to viruses. With a death rate of over 90%, sodium fluoroacetate is one of the primary chemicals used to poison rabbits. In order to fumigate burrows and eliminate any rabbits residing within, phosphine and carbon monoxide are also utilized.

Virus introduction into the wild appears to be the most efficient and economical method of reducing the population of European rabbits. Scientists are still trying to manage these mammals’ populations to prevent habitat destruction in Australia. More lethal RHDV strains that might be even more successful in keeping the rabbits from overrunning the Australian environment are currently being researched by researchers. Since the European rabbits are an invasive species, and are extremely disruptive to the local environment, finding a solution to rein in and control their populations is imperative.

Similar Stories
How a Total Lunar Eclipse Saved Christopher Columbus in 1504

How a Total Lunar Eclipse Saved Christopher Columbus in 1504

In 1504, Christopher Columbus was stranded in Jamaica with natives who refused to give him food. But he knew the date and time of an upcoming lunar eclipse. So he told the natives that his gods were angry at their treatment of him, and would provide a clear sign. Once the eclipse started, the natives raced to give him food and begged for mercy.

Marion Stokes recorded 30 years of television

Marion Stokes recorded 30 years of television

Marion Stokes, a Philadelphia woman began taping whatever was on television in 1979 and didn’t stop until her death in 2012. The 71,000 VHS and Betamax tapes she made are the most complete collection preserving this era of TV. They are being digitized by the Internet Archive.

The day Iceland's women went on strike

The day Iceland's women went on strike

Icelandic women went on strike for equal rights on October 24, 1975. 90% of women walked out of their jobs and homes, effectively shutting down the entire country. The men were struggling to keep up. The following year, Parliament passed a law requiring equal pay. Iceland elected the world's first female President five years later. Iceland now has the highest gender equality rate in the world.

What Was the Beast of Gévaudan?

What Was the Beast of Gévaudan?

Between 1764 and 1767, a mysterious animal called the Beast of Gévaudan terrorized the French village called Gévaudan. It attacked and killed about 100 adults and children. While most believe it was a wolf, some say it may have been a wolf-dog hybrid, hyena or even a lion, but without any genetic evidence, the beast will remain a mystery forever.

Ea-Nasir: world's oldest written customer complaint

Ea-Nasir: world's oldest written customer complaint

This clay tablet, written in cuneiform, is the oldest known written customer complaint about the delivery of poor quality copper ingots. Originally from ancient Babylon, the tablet dates back to 1750 BCE, and it was written by a customer named Nanni to a merchant named Ea-Nasir. It is currently housed in the British Museum.

Before Radar: How Giant Acoustic Mirrors Detected Enemy Aircraft in WWI and WWII

Before Radar: How Giant Acoustic Mirrors Detected Enemy Aircraft in WWI and WWII

Long before radar revolutionized air defense, enormous acoustic mirrors and specialized sound locators stood as the first line of defense against enemy aircraft. Designed as giant “ears,” these structures amplified distant engine noises, allowing operators to detect incoming planes by sound alone. Dive into the intriguing world of these pioneering listening devices, their operation, limitations, and enduring legacy in military history.

The World’s First Seismograph: How Ancient China Detected Earthquakes 1,800 Years Ago

The World’s First Seismograph: How Ancient China Detected Earthquakes 1,800 Years Ago

Over 1,800 years ago, long before modern technology, the ancient Chinese astronomer and inventor Zhang Heng created the world’s first seismograph in 132 AD. This ingenious bronze device could detect distant earthquakes by releasing small balls from dragons’ mouths into toads’ mouths—each indicating a different compass direction. Its historic detection of an earthquake 400 miles away astonished the imperial court and transformed the way societies understood and responded to seismic events.

Keith Sapsford: The Story of 14-Year-Old Stowaway

Keith Sapsford: The Story of 14-Year-Old Stowaway

The final image of 14-year-old Australian Keith Sapsford, who aspired to travel the world. In February 1970, he sneaked into the wheel-well of a plane flying from Sydney to Tokyo. It opened mid-air & fell out. When a photographer was testing a new lens, he captured this moment on film and was surprised when it developed.

Did Gil Pérez Really Teleport from Manila to Mexico Overnight? The 1593 Mystery

Did Gil Pérez Really Teleport from Manila to Mexico Overnight? The 1593 Mystery

On October 24, 1593, while performing his guard duties at Manila's Governor's Palace in the Philippines, Gil Perez stopped to lean against a wall and sleep for a while. He opened his eyes to find himself in an unusual environment. Gil was in the Plaza Mayor in Mexico City. They imprisoned Perez, but the authorities in Mexico City decided to release him and return him home.

Medals of Friendship: The Enduring Olympic Story of 1936

Medals of Friendship: The Enduring Olympic Story of 1936

At the 1936 Summer Olympics, two Japanese pole vaulters named Sueo Oe and Shuhei Nishida tied for second, but they declined to compete against each other. As a result, Nishida was awarded the silver medal and Oe won a bronze medal. Upon returning to Japan, the athletes had their medals cut in half and spliced together to create new "friendship medals," which were half silver and half bronze.